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HUMAN BEHAVIOUR AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
The behaviour of an individual is influenced by :
1. Environmental Factors: (a) Economic, (b) Social (norms and cultural values), and (c)
Political;
2. Personal Factors: (a) Age, (b) Sex, (c) Education, (d) Abilities, (e) Marital Status, (f) No. of dependants;
3. Organizational Factors: (a) Physical Facilities, (b) Organization Structure and Design,
(c) Leadership, (d) Compensation and Reward System; and
4. Psychological Factors: (a) Personality, (b) Perception, (c) Attitudes, (d) Values. (e) Learning.
A person exhibiting Type A behaviour is generally restless, impatient with a desire for quick achievement and perfectionism.
Type 'B' personality people are much more easy going, relaxed about time pressure, less competitive and more philosophical in nature.
Theories of Motivation
The various theories of motivation are:
1. Scientific Management or Rational Economic View
2. Human Relations Model
3. Abraham Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory
4. Frederick Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory
5. Clayton Alderfer's ERG Theory
6. Achievement Motivation Theory
7. Victor H Vroom's Expectancy Model
8. James Stacy Adams' Equity Theory
9. Lyman W. Porter and Edward E Lawler - Performance Satisfaction Model.
10. Reinforcement Theory
(Go through all the 10 theories)
Factors contribute to the quality of work life:
1. Adequate and fair compensation.
2. A safe and healthy environment.
3. Jobs aimed at developing and using employee's skills and abilities.
4. Growth and security; jobs aimed at expanding employees' capabilities rather than leading to their obsolescence.
5. An environment in which employees develop self-esteem and a sense of identity.
6. Protection and respect for employee's rights to privacy, dissent, equity. etc.
7. A sensible integration of job career and family life and leisure time.
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Employees’ Feedback and Reward System
Feedback Through Climate Surveys
Organizations used to measuring employees' perceptions of the prevailing climate in an organization are called climate surveys.
Types of Compensations
Compensation is expressed in terms of money. It would thus include: wages or salary, bonus, cash allowances and benefits such as accident, health insurance cover, employer's contribution to the retirement funds, provision of accommodation, etc. The jobs are broadly classified in four groups and the compensation for them is commonly referred to as shown below:
1. Managerial (top, middle, junior) ... remuneration
2. Supervisory ... salary
3. Clerical or Administrative ... salary
4. Unskilled, semi-skilled, skilled and highly skilled ... wages
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