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The source document is the origin of a transaction and it initiates the accounting process, whose starting point is the accounting equation.
Accounting equation is based on dual aspect concept (Debit and Credit). It emphasizes on the fact that every transaction has a two sided effect i.e., on the assets and claims on assets. Always the total claims (those of outsiders and of the proprietors) will be equal to the total assets of the business concern. The claims are also known as equities, are of two types: i.) Owners equity (Capital); ii.) Outsiders’ equity (Liabilities).
Assets = Equities
Assets = Capital + Liabilities (A = C+L)
Capital = Assets – Liabilities (C = A–L)
Liabilities = Assets – Capital (L = A–C)
Effect of Transactions on Accounting Equation :
Illustration 1
If the capital of a business is Rs.3,00,000 and other liabilities are Rs.2,00,000, calculate the total assets of the business.
Solution
Assets = Capital + Liabilities
Capital + Liabilities = Assets
Rs. 3,00,000 + Rs.2,00,000 = Rs.5,00,000
Illustration 2
If the total assets of a business are Rs.3,60,000 and capital is Rs.2,00,000, calculate liabilities.
Solution
Assets = Capital + Liabilities
Liabilities = Assets – Capital
Assets – Capital = Liabilities
Rs. 3,60,000 – Rs. 2,00,000 = Rs. 1,60,000
Illustration 3
If the total assets of a business are Rs.4,50,000 and outside liabilities are Rs.2,50,000, calculate the capital.
Solution:
Capital = Assets – Liabilities
Assets – Liabilities = Capital
Rs. 4,50,000 – Rs. 2,50,000 = Rs.2,00,000
Illustration – 4
Transaction 1: Murugan started business with Rs.50,000 as capital.
The business unit has received assets totalling Rs.50,000 in the form of cash and the claims against the firm are also Rs.50,000 in the form of capital. The transaction can be expressed in the form of an accounting equation as follows:
Assets = Capital + Liabilities
Cash = Capital + Liabilities
Rs. 50,000 = Rs. 50,000 + 0
Transaction 2: Murugan purchased furniture for cash Rs.5,000.
The cash is reduced by Rs,5,000 but a new asset (furniture) of the same amount has been acquired. This transaction decreases one asset (cash) and at the same time increases the other asset (furniture) with the same amount, leaving the total of the assets of the business unchanged. The accounting equation now is as follows:
Assets = Capital + Liabilities
Cash + Furniture = Capital + Liabilities
Transaction 1 50,000 + 0 = 50,000 + 0
Transaction 2 (–) 5,000 + 5,000 = 0 + 0
Equation 45,000 + 5,000 = 50,000 + 0
Transaction 3: He purchased goods for cash Rs.30,000.
As a result, cash balance is reduced by the goods purchased, leaving the total of the assets unchanged.
Assets = Capital +Liabilities
Cash + Furniture + Stock = Capital +Liabilities
(Goods)
Transaction 1&2 45,000 + 5,000 + 0 = 50,000 + 0
Transaction 3 (–) 30,000 + 0 + 30,000 = 0 + 0
Equation 15,000 + 5,000 + 30,000 = 50,000 + 0
Transaction 4: He purchased goods on credit for Rs.20,000.
The above transaction will increase the value of stock on the assets side and will create a liability in the form of creditors.
Assets = Capital +Liabilities
Cash + Furniture + Stock = Capital +Creditors
Transaction 1-3 15,000 + 5,000 + 30,000 = 50,000 + 0
Transaction 4 0 + 0 + 20,000 = 0 + 20,000
Equation 15,000 + 5,000 + 50,000 = 50,000 + 20,000
Transaction 5: Goods costing Rs.25,000 sold on credit for Rs.35,000.
The above transaction will give rise to a new asset in the form of Debtors to the extent of Rs.35,000. But the stock of goods will be reduced by Rs.25,000 i.e., the cost of goods sold. The net increase of Rs.10,000 is the amount of revenue which will be added to the capital.
Assets = Capital + Liabilities
Cash + Furniture + Stock + Debtors = Capital + Creditors
+
Revenue
Transaction 1-4 15,000 + 5,000 + 50,000 + 0 = 50,000 + 20,000
Transaction 5 0 + 0 +(-)25,000 + 35,000 = 10,000 + 0
Equation 15,000 + 5,000 + 25,000 + 35,000 = 60,000 + 20,000
Transaction 6: Rent paid Rs.3,000.
It reduces cash and the rent is an expense, it results in a loss which decreases the capital.
Assets = Capital + Liabilities
Cash + Furniture + Stock + Debtors = Capital + Creditors
Transaction 1-5 15,000 + 5,000 + 25,000 + 35,000 = 60,000 + 20,000
Transaction 6 – 3,000 + 0 + 0 + 0 = –3,000 + 0
Equation 12,000 + 5,000 + 25,000 + 35,000 = 57,000 + 20,000
77,000 = 77,000
From the above transactions, it may be concluded that every transaction has a double effect and in each case - Assets = Capital + Liabilities, i.e., ‘Accounting equation is true in all cases’. The last equation appearing in the books of Mr.Murugan may also be presented in the form of a statement called Balance Sheet. |
